Technology Summary

Résumé technologique de Kalima blockchain
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KALIMA AS LAYER 2 AND 3 OF BITCOIN

Kalima is client-side validated state and smart contracts system operating on Layer 2 and 3 of Bitcoin ecosystem.

  • Kalima is not only a token protocol. Though issuance and management of highly scalable, programmable and private assets of different sort is possible with Kalima, it can be applied in many industries far beyond financial world.

  • Works with Lightning Network.

  • As a blockchain network Kalima Scales independently from Bitcoin timechain

  • Kalima Network includes the MainChain and PrivaChains

  • Mainchain is composed of channels and manage the KLX tokens

  • PrivaChains are independent permissioned blockchains with no on-chain usage nor systematic public trackable footprint because of client-side smart contracts paradigm

  • Kalima Name Services organize PrivaChain access and is warrant of a real decentralisation

CHALLENGE I : CREATING TRUST WITH DATA TRACEABILITY AND AUTHENTICATION

 

One of the main challenges for a Blockchain that is dedicated to IoT and data more generally, is to ensure that the users can take advantage of trust by easily and independently tracing their data and authenticating it for RWE (real-world-evidence) usages.

Trust is the essence of blockchain, making sure users such as industrial players take advantage of this feature to add value to their business is crucial.

  • Guaranteeing data immutability and integrity : Time stamping, authenticity, traceability, qualified data for Machine learning and data analysis

  • Easily programmable dApps for specific needs: Open-source API for client-side smart contracts, compatible with many programming languages.

  • Enabling data sharing with trust : Each stakeholder have access to the ledger providing trust by evidence

CHALLENGE II : DATA MONETIZATION

One major challenge for industries today is to be able implement innovative business models which monetize industrial data including IoT data. 80% of industrial data generated within the EU is never used, totaling to a market gap of €270 billion (EU commission).

Kalima proposes a new way to, manage and monetize data directly from the connected objects and offer a variety of possibility to new business models with a multichain approach.

  • Kalima Marketplace: Repertory of Oracles where Kalima dApps developers meet buyers.

  • Kalima Lightning Bitcoin interface: Kalima can act as a 2nd or 3rd layer for Bitcoin with the Lightning Network

  • Kalima Blockchain – Tezos interface: Tezos transactions and smart contracts can be executed from Kalima smart contracts

  • Kalima decentralized Oracle network: Kalima Decentralized Oracle network will allow users to transform raw IoT data into a crypto asset that can be traded and monetized

CHALLENGE III: KEEP CONTROL OF YOUR DATA

Interoperability for data: Adding value to your data

The data can be better correlated in between stakeholders, and used for optimization and prediction, which provide the greatest value.

Partial access authorizations : Control your data with the chosen granularity

The Kalima blockchain allows partial access to system data, according to pre-authorized multi-level authorizations; Energy savings

Event mode: Push and no repetitive pulling

CHALLENGE V: SCALABILITY AND AGILITY

Kalima offers a decentralized solution for enterprises, with and end-to-end blockchain IoT architecture.

The blockchain system is tamper-proof, which allow to share data with trust including with non-trusted parties.

The web3 oriented organization based on network of permissioned blockchains warranty scalability and agility as each blockchain can have its own governance.

KALIMA BLOCKCHAIN

Technology

KALIMA BLOCKCHAIN

Technology

KALIMA BLOCKCHAINS NETWORK

Kalima Blockchain was created as an end-to-end solution for the collection, storage, transmission, and monetization of real-world data.

Ecosystem: Decentralized network of blockchains (MainChain + PrivaChains)

  • PrivaChains : Independent governance, token creation, and interconnection capacity to other public and private chains

  • 3rd generation blockchain, similar to Cosmos or Polkadot.

  • Kalima Blockchain can be embedded in IoT gateways as well as IOS and Android devices

  • Open-source API compatible with most programming languages

  • Simple Dapp creation process on PrivaChains

  • Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPOS): Sustainability low carbon footprint and scalability

  • Monetization of data-enabled via Oracles on PrivaChains

DIFFERENT TYPE OF NODES

Master nodes are the main element in charge of validating transactions in the Kalima blockchain. You can install as many master nodes as you need to set up a Kalima Privachain with a minimum of five of them. Master nodes store blockchain data and they publish them to the client’s node after validation.

Validation nodes participate in the consensus to elect the Leader Node in charge of timestamping and hashing of all transactions. Validation nodes and master nodes are in charge of controlling transactions integrity and blockchain data immutability

Client nodes synchronize data to which they are authorized from Master Nodes, create new transactions and execute smart contracts. Client nodes can be developed by our users and partners with the help of Kalima SDK. Kalima SDK provides tools to develop java, C#, C, NodeJS, Android and iOS client nodes.

DIFFERENT TYPE OF NODES

Administration nodes are Client nodes which manage authorizations et security controls. Devices must be authorized before any connection is made. Authorizations can be limited to a subset of data depending on devices.

Voting nodes are Client nodes which vote for governance management choices in a multi signature way. They are also used by “Stakers” for “Staking” purposes.

Data Lake and data safe nodes are Client nodes which collect data of one or multiple blockchain, depending on the authorizations, to compile and publish them to facilitate data search, machine learning, statistics or to provide a highly secure storage.

NODES ARCHITECTURE

NODE ARCHITECTURE

  1. TimeStamp register the date and time of block validation

  2. MemCache is an in memory replicated key value store in charge to maintain real time value of systems, control of data integrity and data resynchronization. For example, if you use Kalima to monitor a temperature gage in a Plant the address of this sensor in memcache will contain the current value. If you use Kalima for a token account, it will hold the current balance of your address. This solution ensure that a data is sent once to MasterNodes, validated, and then time stamped, hashed, stored and then published to all subscribers. Each subscriber executes, depending on rules, its own corresponding smart contract and then can read it locally without to have to get it back from blockchain and by this solution save time, bandwidth and energy.

  3. MemCache persistence is a key value store database in charge to facilitate restart of nodes even in case of a full stop of the blockchain.

  4. Node layer is an encrypted publish subscribe message to message peer to peer communication layer capable to manage network failure including half broken connections.

  5. Kalima publish subscribe layer has been developed by Kalima Team from bottom up to depend on no dependency an to provide the best warranty of security and reliability. It includes algorithms managing network intermittent failures and data resynchronization when needed to warranty data integrity.

  6. Storage is the permanent and immutable storage of blocks secure by hashchain. Kalima Blockchain storage is store in encrypted filesystems, in a hierarchical key value stores organized on time and addresses.

KALIMA PROTOCOL

    • Kalima Protocol is an hybrid technology with replicated in-memory key value store, similar to Redis, and blockchain technology with distributed ledger secure by an hashchain and a consensus.

  • Kalima protocol publish blocks set by client nodes to all Master Nodes which timestamp and sign it under control of validation nodes and then publish it to client nodes.

  • Kalima consensus is an hybrid consensus with a proof of authority consensus based on raft and a delegate proof of stake consensus

KALIMA PROTOCOL

  1. Each node, MasterNodes and Client Nodes control that no block is missing, that no block is illegal or that block is corrupted and manage corresponding situation to ensure the blockchain integrity.

  2. Each Client Node manage an in-memory key value store with the current value of all addresses to which it is authorized. Client node control the integrity of its in memory key value store.

  3. Privachain Clients are written by Dapps developers using one of the different Kalima SDK

  4. PrivaChain Clients run smart contracts using one of smart Contract language depending on Client Node language

  5. Kalima Smart Contracts can execute machine learning inference depending on it’s language

  6. Kalima Smart Contract can execute Tezos transaction and smart contracts or Lightgning network transactions using libraries provided by Kalima

  7. Kalima cryptography and deviceId management are based on a state of the art mixt of symmetric and asymmetric crypto technologies

CONSENSUS MECHANISMS

  • Kalima Blockchain is a network of permissioned blockchain, something that most cryptocurrencies do not directly support. With no need for Proof of Work in a permissioned network, Kalima Blockchain instead offers a unique Delegated Proof Of Stake consensus mechanisms that is more appropriate for consortium chains and has a special focus on enterprise.

  • This unique solution, which use a Raft variant for votes gives Kalima Blockchain potential to save computation cycles, scale efficiently, and respond to the multitude of enterprise use case requirements by providing a secure, robust model for identity, auditability, and privacy.

DPoS Advantages

  1. DPoS allows for block producers to validate transactions in seconds – providing faster transactions than PoS and PoW.

  2. Delegates are elected through a democratic voting system, so each token holder has a say.

  3. DPoS is a safer mechanism, as voters can immediately detect malice on the part of a delegate, and that delegate can then be voted out of the system.

  4. DPoS is even more energy efficient than PoS and uses less hardware.

 

CRYPTOGRAPHY

  1. In response to attacks threatening networks in general, including wireless networks, that are present in current communication systems, we have put in place a solution combining symmetric and asymmetric algorithms to add their respective advantages and to produce robust encryption and strong identification of communicating nodes .

  2. These algorithms are based on the implementation of asymmetric encryption (or a “challenge”) which will be used to generate/ exchange symmetric private keys.

  3. Once the exchange has been made the symmetric encryption is set up.

  4. The regular rotation of the keys allows to keep an optimal safety.

  5. Hash chain is the successive application of SHA256 hash function to blocks. Hash function is applied successively to blocks in order to record the chronology of block’s existence. Block size is limited to 16 ko to limit latency and protect from buffer overflow attacks.

ASSOCIATE SERVICES

  1. Smart Contract management include a full DevSecOps management of Smart Contract code. It includes:

  2. A version control warranting the traceability and integrity of codes.

  3. A quality and security control of Smart Contracts code

  4. A quality and security of deployments including upgrades.

  5. Document management includes a version control warranting the traceability and integrity of documents.

  6. DevSecOps Chain include a full DevSecOps management of Kalima Blockchain code. It includes:

  7. A version control warranting the traceability and integrity of codes.

  8. A quality and security control of Kalima Blockchain code

  9. A quality and security of deployments including upgrades.

MULTICHAIN

  1. Kalima Blockchain allow a client to be connected to several Kalima Blockchain and act as a bridge. The only condition Is that this client has the required authorizations in both Kalima Blockchain for the targeted purpose.

  2. All KLX addresses are in the MainChain and can be in different channels.

  3. Kalima Blockchain implements a “non-blocking two phase commit” and more precisely a “Presumed Commit (PrC)” (cf chapter 6.2 [ISI_98]) algorithm for KLX Inter Blockchain Transactions between Channels and more generally for financial transactions. Blockchain integrity of communication, fault tolerance and immutability of transactions storage offer required properties to secure It.

  4. Client connected to both transaction sides act as the “coordinator” for this process. The full immutable traceability of transaction is available on both sides. In short, the Initiator of the transaction will hold the amount in a temporary transfer address, then the “coordinator client” will inform the recipient, and request a vote from both parts. If both parts vote positively, amount will be transferred to the recipient if one vote negatively, amount will be released to the sender. This process is valid for multi devises. All this process Is transparent for users and transaction time stay short but higher than a mono-chain transaction. This solution open secure bridges between blockchain.

PROOF OF STAKE

KALIMA NAME SERVICE (KNS)

ORGANISATION OF A KALIMA BLOCKCHAIN

EXAMPLE OF A KALIMA PRIVACHAIN

Zoom on a Kalima Privachain

THE KALIMA SOLUTION

Client-side smart contracts

Client-side refers to operations that are performed by the client in a client–server relationship in a network. Smart contracts help to transform enterprise data in crypto actives

Kalima brings smart contracts to the client side, meaning industries will have the ability to independently tailor their own smart contract models, notably through AI models, in order to fully utilize the data they collect while maintaining data confidentiality.

  • Smart-contracts executed at the edge – around 85% of the data processed at the edge

  • Real time data for an exceptionally low environmental impact and for a very low transaction cost

  • Multi-IoT protocol available with Kalima Blockchain (LoRaWAN, Hart, Modbus, Enocean, Thread)

THE KALIMA SOLUTION

Decentralized Oracles Network enabling data monetization

DONs enable the creation of hybrid smart contracts, where on-chain code and off-chain infrastructure are combined to support dApps that react to real-world events

Our focus is to collect qualified real-world data and monetize while creating added value through oracles.

  1. Data providers can send data through an end-to-end blockchain communication using IoT Gateways or connect existing APIs to provide real-world data the Kalima network.

  2. This data can then be monetized on a Kalima PrivaChain through an Oracle Dapp while respecting privacy content.

  3. This data can, in turn, be bought and used by research centers, consulting firms or any other interested party. Data providers are remunerated for the use of their data.

THE KALIMA SOLUTION

Data lake and data safe

Kalima Blockchain provides data lakes which expose authorized data from one or several blockchains to run different types of analytics, dashboards, visualizations, statistics, big data processing or machine learning to have a clear vision on your data.

For critical data Kalima provides a data safe feature to store data in a more secure way

KALIMA INTEGRATES A DEVSECOPS CHAIN IN EACH BLOCKCHAIN TO SECURE ITS CODE AND SMART CONTRACTS

KalimaDevSecOps :

  • Source code management

  • Continuous integration and deployment tools

  • Containers

  • Cloud providers

  • Server administraction automation

  • Monitoring alerting

  • Project management

  • Secure updates including on smart hardwares

ARCHITECTURE

Kalima Comparative